| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: atraish{at}bu.edu.
A considerable body of evidence exists suggesting a link between reduced testosterone plasma levels, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance (IR). Hypogonadal men are at higher risk for type-2 diabetes. Here we evaluate the relationships between testosterone, metabolic syndrome (MetS), T2D, and IR and discuss the relationships between androgen deficiency and these factors, especially as it ultimately relates to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and erectile dysfunction (ED). Thus, a comprehensive literature search was carried out using PubMed and relevant articles pertinent to androgen deficiency, T2D, IR, MetS, and ED were reviewed and discussed. Low testosterone precedes elevated fasting insulin, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) values and may even predict the onset of diabetes. Treatment of prostate cancer patients with surgical or medical castration exacerbates IR and glycemic control, strengthening the link between testosterone deficiency and onset of type-2 diabetes and IR. Androgen therapy of hypogonadal men improves insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose and Hemoglobin A1c levels. We suggest that androgen deficiency is associated with IR, T2D and MetS, and increased visceral fat deposition, which serves as an endocrine organ, producing inflammatory cytokines thus promoting endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease.
Key words: Androgen •
Andropause •
Erectile Dysfunction •
Hormone •
Penis •
Androgen deficiency •
Insulin resistance •
Metabolic syndrome •
Type 2 diabetes •
vascular disease
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  P. Dammann, D. R. Sell, S. Begall, C. Strauch, and V. M. Monnier Advanced Glycation End-Products as Markers of Aging and Longevity in the Long-Lived Ansell's Mole-Rat (Fukomys anselli) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, December 9, 2011; (2011) glr208v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. D. Lee Think Androgen Deficiency American Journal of Men's Health, September 1, 2011; 5(5): 377 - 377. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Grossmann Low Testosterone in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: Significance and Treatment J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2011; 96(8): 2341 - 2353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Oudin, M.-C. Simeoni, N. Sirvent, A. Contet, A. Begu-Le Coroller, P. Bordigoni, C. Curtillet, M. Poiree, I. Thuret, B. Play, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in adult survivors of childhood leukemia Blood, April 28, 2011; 117(17): 4442 - 4448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Kolovou, H. Bilianou, A. Marvaki, and D. P. Mikhailidis Aging Men and Lipids American Journal of Men's Health, March 1, 2011; 5(2): 152 - 165. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chamson-Reig, S. M. Thyssen, D. J. Hill, and E. Arany Exposure of the Pregnant Rat to Low Protein Diet Causes Impaired Glucose Homeostasis in the Young Adult Offspring by Different Mechanisms in Males and Females Exp Biol Med, December 1, 2009; 234(12): 1425 - 1436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Heufelder, F. Saad, M. C. Bunck, and L. Gooren Fifty-two-Week Treatment With Diet and Exercise Plus Transdermal Testosterone Reverses the Metabolic Syndrome and Improves Glycemic Control in Men With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes and Subnormal Plasma Testosterone J Androl, November 1, 2009; 30(6): 726 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Traish, F. Saad, R. J. Feeley, and A. Guay The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: III. Cardiovascular Disease J Androl, September 1, 2009; 30(5): 477 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
