A questionnaire was designed to assess the effects of t renal transplantation in males of reproductive age on marital status and fertility. The questions sought to correlate recipients' marital status and fertility with the health of the recipients after the transplantation, the health of children they fathered after the procedure, and the functioning of the transplanted kidney. Male recipients (n = 243) who were single and of reproductive age before renal transplantation were selected from 2,007 recipients of a renal transplant recorded in the authors’ hospitals in China. Of the 243 surveyed, 185 completed the questionnaire and participated in follow-up in the clinic or by telephone. Their marital status and fertility were investigated. Of the 185 recipients, 69 got married 12-88 months (mean, 32.19 ± 14.30) after renal transplantation, and 62 of 69 couples were actively attempting to become pregnant. Fifty-three patients fathered 54 children, including one pair of twins, 9-72 months (mean, 25.81 ± 15.33) after marriage. The birth weights of the newborns ranged from 2500-4600 g (mean, 3395 ± 456.80 g). These children developed well. Nine patients did not father any children, and three of these nine cases were due to infertility in the wife. Seven patients were using contraceptives. Three recipients suffered from chronic graft rejection and resumed hemodialysis 2-11 years after they fathered children. In addition, two patients died after fathering one child: one from dysfunction of the transplanted kidney nine years after birth of his child and another in an accident one year after his child's birth. Our findings suggest that, like normal men, male recipients of renal transplants can get married and father children, and the transplantation procedure appears to have no significant effect on the children fathered afterwards, on the recipients' health, or on the functioning of the transplanted kidney. It is very important to indicate that, in addition to needing contraception if they do not conceive[E6], male renal transplant recipients should expect fertility rates that are similar to the general population.