Journal of Andrology
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Published-Ahead-of-Print January 24, 2007, DOI:10.2164/jandrol.107.002576

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Copious pre-ejaculation: small glands - major headaches

Aleksander Chudnovsky * and Craig S Niederberger

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: schudnov{at}yahoo.com.

Pre-ejaculate is a clear mucoid fluid produced by accessory sex glands and expressed on sexual stimulation into the urethra. The organs that produce this fluid are Cowper's glands, the glands of Littre, and possibly the glands of Morgagni. Pre-ejaculate volume may range in normal men from a few drops to more than 5 ml. Pre-ejaculate functions naturally as a chemical neutralizer to the urine's residual acidity in the urethra, and thus provides the basic pH of the semen allowing for safe passage of sperm (Chughtai et al, 2005). Investigators have accumulated a significant body of knowledge about the chemical composition of pre-ejaculate, and have compared sex gland secretions for different age groups. An abundance of publications studied the presence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in the pre-ejaculate fluid. Reports in the literature also discuss the presence or absence of sperm in the pre-ejaculate and whether or not it is safe to practice withdrawal (coitus interruptus) as a means of contraception. However, a relative paucity of research exists describing the normal amounts of pre-ejaculate and the possible social-sexual consequences that the excessive fluid might render. The majority of reports describing excessive pre-ejaculate include anecdotal evidence, personal communications, and speculation based on knowledge of the physiology of the reproductive system. Yet, excessive pre-ejaculate is a documented fact, and several experts in the field recently faced this problem.


Key words: Andolog • pre-ejaculation




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Z. Zukerman and R. Orvieto
Letter to the Editor
J Androl, September 1, 2007; 28(5): 635 - 635.
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