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Published-Ahead-of-Print September 6, 2006, DOI:10.2164/jandrol.106.000927

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Association of Long Polyglycine Tracts (GGN repeats) in Exon 1 of the Androgen Receptor Gene with Cryptorchidism and Penile Hypospadias in Iranian Patients

Ramin Radpour *, Mina Rezaee , Ali Tavasoly , Sanaz Solati , and Ahmad Saleki

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rradpour{at}royaninstitute.org.

Hypospadias, located urethral orifice along the ventral side of the penis, and cryptorchidism, failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sacs, are the two most common congenital malformations in males affecting 0.3-0.7% and 2-4%, respectively, at birth. To study the association of CAG/GGN trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor gene with cryptorchidism and hypospadias in Iranian population we performed a case-control study of 76 cryptorchid and 92 hypospadiac (divided into subgroups of glanular, penile, and penoscrotal hypospadias) Iranian males. The length of the CAG/GGN repeat segment was evaluated by using PCR-sequencing in exon 1 and PCR-SSCP in exons 2-8. There were no significant differences in CAG lengths between the cases and controls but GGN numbers were found to be significantly higher (median 24 vs. 22) among both subjects with penile hypospadias (P = 0.018) and those with a history of cryptorchidism (P = 0.001), compared with controls. In addition, the GGN numbers among subjects with penile hypospadias were significantly different, compared with the two other subgroups of hypospadias (P = 0.001). We were able to identify 12 different CAG alleles and 8 different GGN alleles in the cryptorchid group. Although further studies are needed to elucidate the possible role of specific CAG/GGC combinations as a susceptible factor, our data suggested the possible association between polyglycin tract polymorphism in androgen receptor gene and cryptorchidism.


Key words: Androgen • Fertility • Reproductive Genetics • Reproductive Tract • Testis • Androgen receptor gene • CAG repeats • GGN repeats • cryptorchidism • hypospadias




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Role of Hormones, Genes, and Environment in Human Cryptorchidism
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2008; 29(5): 560 - 580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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