| Surgical Approach |
Main Disadvantages |
|
| Transurethral endoscopic |
Failure to remove the whole lesion, probability of recurrent infection and
neoplastic change |
| Perineal, posterior pararectal |
Interference with pelvic musculature, risk of injury to external sphincter and
pudendal nerve |
| Transperitoneal extravesical, retropubic, suprapubic |
Poor exposure, high rate of incomplete excision of the lesion |
| Transvesical transtrigonal |
Interruption of trigonal musculature, high proportion of vesicoureteral reflux |
| Posterior or anterior sagittal transanorectal |
Split rectal wall, risk of rectal fistula formation |
|
| Abbreviation: MDR, müllerian duct remnant. |
