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Table 2. Effects of nonenzymatic antioxidants on epididymal sperm from red deer* ${dagger}$

	Control	Vit C_0.4	Vit C_0.8	Vit E_3.2	Vit E_6.4	BHT_0.4	BHT_0.8	BHT_1.6

After cooling and equilibration
Sperm Motility Index (% SMI)	61.4 ± 3.1^ab	77.0 ± 3.1^c	74.7 ± 3.1^c	62.7 ± 3.1^ab	57.7 ± 3.1^a	68.2 ± 3.1^abc	68.7 ± 3.1^abc	58.9 ± 3.1^a
Positive endosmosis (%)	71.3 ± 2.0	73.7 ± 2.0	74.7 ± 2.0	73.0 ± 2.0	69.9 ± 2.0	76. ± 2.01	73.8 ± 2.0	74.5 ± 2.0
Viable sperm (%)	88.9 ± 1.2^a	89.1 ± 1.2^ab	92.7 ± 1.2^b	88.6 ± 1.2^ab	88.3 ± 1.2^ab	88.8 ± 1.2^ab	89.9 ± 1.2^ab	87.6 ± 1.2^ab
Acrosome integrity (% NAR)	70.5 ± 1.9^a	77.7 ± 1.9^b	79.6 ± 1.9^b	77.5 ± 1.9^b	78.6 ± 1.9^b	80.1 ± 1.9^b	77.9 ± 1.9^b	78.3 ± 1.9^b
After freezing and thawing
Sperm Motility Index (% SMI)	56.0 ± 3.9^bc	62.5 ± 3.9^c	58.2 ± 3.9^c	52.2 ± 3.9^b	35.7 ± 3.9^a	58.0 ± 3.9^c	58.0 ± 3.9^c	49.0 ± 3.9^b
Positive endosmosis (%)	67.7 ± 2.7^b	66.5 ± 2.7^b	62.9 ± 2.7^ab	65.1 ± 2.7^b	57.2 ± 2.7^a	68.6 ± 2.7^b	66.8 ± 2.7^b	66.8 ± 2.7^b
Viable sperm (%)	57.4 ± 2.2^b	58.0 ± 2.2^b	58.2 ± 2.2^b	54.0 ± 2.2^b	42.9 ± 2.2^a	57.3 ± 2.2^b	53.7 ± 2.2^b	43.6 ± 2.2^a
Acrosome integrity (% NAR)	53.4 ± 2.6^c	54.2 ± 2.6^c	52.7 ± 2.6^c	47.5 ± 2.6^b	39.0 ± 2.6^a	53.9 ± 2.6^c	49.6 ± 2.6^bc	44.2 ± 2.6^ab
Live merocyanine-unstained cells (%)	34.3 ± 2.8^b	29.8 ± 2.8^ab	29.8 ± 2.8^ab	25.2 ± 2.8^a	16.7 ± 2.8^a	30.1 ± 2.8^ab	26.5 ± 2.8^ab	24.2 ± 2.8^a
hMMP (%)	33.9 ± 3.6^b	30.0 ± 3.6^ab	32.2 ± 3.6^b	28.0 ± 3.6^ab	20.1 ± 3.6^a	34.3 ± 3.6^b	29.9 ± 3.6^ab	26.4 ± 3.6^ab
After incubation for 2 hours postthawing
Sperm Motility Index (% SMI)	29.6 ± 4.0^ab	33.3 ± 4.0^b	28.8 ± 4.0^ab	21.9 ± 4.0^ab	19.9 ± 4.0^ab	31.6 ± 4.0^b	18.4 ± 4.0^a	19.4 ± 4.0^a
Positive endosmosis (%)	52.8 ± 3.1^ab	58.6 ± 3.1^b	53.3 ± 3.1^ab	47.4 ± 3.1^a	47.0 ± 3.1^a	55.5 ± 3.1^ab	51.0 ± 3.1^ab	50.6 ± 3.1^ab
Viable sperm (%)	52.0 ± 4.7	57.3 ± 4.7	50.1 ± 4.7	42.0 ± 4.7	40.0 ± 4.7	49.6 ± 4.7	47.4 ± 4.7	48.6 ± 4.7
Acrosome integrity (% NAR)	28.9 ± 3.2^ab	35.1 ± 3.2^b	31.6 ± 3.2^b	23.3 ± 3.2^a	21.5 ± 3.2^a	34.8 ± 3.2^b	26.3 ± 3.2^ab	30.1 ± 3.2^ab
Live merocyanine-unstained cells (%)	27.7 ± 1.7^c	23.7 ± 1.7^bc	22.17 ± 1.7^ab	21.8 ± 1.7^ab	17.4 ± 1.7^a	22.3 ± 1.7^ab	18.7 ± 1.7^ab	17.5 ± 1.7^a
HMMP (%)	26.0 ± 2.2^b	24.3 ± 2.2^ab	26.6 ± 2.2^b	20.9 ± 2.2^ab	16.5 ± 2.2^a	21.8 ± 2.2^b	20.6 ± 2.2^ab	18.2 ± 2.2^a

* Data are expressed as LSmeans ± SEM (n = 10).
${dagger}$ Values with different superscripts within each column are significantly different (P < .05).

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