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Case Report |
From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
| Correspondence to: Dr Shehzad Basaria, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Medical Center, 4940 Eastern Ave, B-114, Baltimore, MD 21224 (e-mail: sbasari1{at}jhmi.edu). |
| Received for publication May 31, 2005; accepted for publication June 30, 2005. |
Case Report
A 35-year-old transsexual male was admitted to the hospital after transiently losing consciousness. Prior to his fall, he felt lightheaded. On admission, he denied chest pain, dyspnoea, cough, hemoptysis, or incontinence. He was not intoxicated and did not smoke. The patient had been taking high-dose oral estrogen (2 mg) for 1 year to achieve feminization. The estrogen dosage was increased 3 months ago to 3 mg daily. He had not yet undergone gonadectomy. His heart rate was 101 beats per minute, blood pressure 147/95 mm Hg, respiratory rate 18 breaths per minute, and room air oxygen saturation 97%. Physical examination was only significant for gynecomastia. Electrocardiogram showed regular sinus rhythm, T-wave inversion in V1, and biphasic P-waves in V1, V2, and V3. Chest radiograph demonstrated peripheral patchy airspace density in the right middle lobe and left lower lobe consistent with pulmonary infarcts. Arterial blood gas showed pH of 7.32, pO2 of 72, and pCO2 of 43. D-dimer was normal. Ventilation-perfusion scan was high probability revealing wedge-shaped perfusion defects in the right middle lobe and left lower lobe. Lower extremity Doppler did not show deep vein thrombosis. The risks of estrogen therapy were reviewed with the patient; however, he decided to continue hormonal therapy. The patient was started on anticoagulation.
The increased risk of venous thrombosis has been well established in women on hormone replacement (Grodstein et al, 1996). Men with gender identity disorder are typically treated with estrogen doses that are 2 to 3 times (or higher) the recommended dose for hormone replacement in postmenopausal women. These high doses are given to achieve feminization and to suppress endogenous testosterone secretion. The incidence of cardiovascular side effects is increased on these doses. In the Coronary Drug Project (1970), men with established coronary artery disease showed significantly increased incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and thrombophlebitis when treated with 5 mg of conjugated estrogen compared to placebo. Similarly, retrospective studies in transsexual males have documented 20-fold to 45-fold increases in thromboembolic events (Asscheman et al, 1989; van Kesteren et al, 1997). Anecdotal evidence indicates that transdermal estrogen preparations may be less thrombogenic than oral estrogen, presumably secondary to lack of first pass metabolism (van Kesteren et al, 1997).
One of the mechanisms by which estrogen results in a hypercoagulable state is by inducing resistance to activated protein C (Rosing et al, 1997). In a recent study of transsexual males, patients treated with oral estrogen had a significant increase in resistance to activated protein C compared to patients treated with cyproterone acetate (Toorians et al, 2003). This leads to a thrombophilic state. Hence, there is a tremendous need to study the safety and efficacy of various hormonal preparations and the role of routine anticoagulation in this patient population.
References
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Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hennekens, CH. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet. 1996; 348: 983 -987.[CrossRef][Medline]
Rosing J, Tans G, Nicolaes GA, Thomassen MC, van Oerle R, van der Ploeg PM, Heijnen P, Hamulyak K, Hemker HC. Oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis: different sensitivities to activated protein C in women using second- and third-generation oral contraceptives. Br J Haematol. 1997;97: 233 -238.[CrossRef][Medline]
The Coronary Drug Project Research Group. The coronary drug project: initial findings leading to modifications of its research protocol. J Am Med Assoc. 1970; 214(7): 1303 -1313.[CrossRef][Medline]
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