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Table 5. Reference ranges for semen variables established for the Andrology Laboratory in Oslo^*

Volume (mL)	$≥$ 1.7
pH	$≥$ 7.7
Sperm concentration (10⁶/mL)	$≥$ 11
Total sperm number (10⁶/ejaculate)	$≥$ 22
Progressive motility (a and b) (%)	$≥$ 33
Rapid progressive motility (a) (%)	$≥$ 15
Ideal spermatozoa (%)	$≥$ 3

*a indicates rapid growth progressive motility; b, slow or sluggish progressive motility