Table 2. Treatments or mutations in which the block of spermatogonial differentiation can be reversed with hormone treatment

Hormone treatment and timing relative to inducing event Species Treatment or Mutation* Before Immediately After After a Delay References Rat Hexanedione* GnRH-agonist GnRH-agonist (Blanchard et al, 1998) Rat Radiation (gamma)* T+E2 GnRH-agonist, GnRH-antagonist, testosterone GnRH-agonist, GnRH-antagonist, testosterone, androgens (Meistrich and Kangasniemi, 1997; Meistrich et al, 2000, 2001b; Shetty et al, 2000; Shetty et al, 2002) Rat Procarbazine* GnRH-agonist + flutamide, GnRH-antagonist + flutamide, T, T+E2 GnRH-agonist (Parchuri et al, 1993; Kangasniemi et al, 1995a,b; Meistrich, 1999) Rat Indenopyridine (CDB-4022)* GnRH-agonist GnRH-agonist (Hild et al, 2001) GnRH-antagonist {GnRH-antagonist} S.A. Hild, personal communication Rat DBCP* GnRH-agonist GnRH-agonist M.L. Meistrich, unpublished Rat Acute heating GnRH-agonist + flutamide GnRH-agonist + flutamide (Setchell et al, 2001) Rat Aging* GnRH-agonist (at 27 mo) (Schoenfeld et al, 2001) Rat Busulfan {GnRH-agonist} GnRH-agonist (Udagawa et al, 2001) Rat Busulfan, spermatogonial transplant GnRH-agonist GnRH-agonist (Ogawa et al, 1999) Mouse jsd mutation* GnRH-antagonist (at age 5 weeks) GnRH-antagonist (at age 10 weeks) (Matsumiya et al, 1999; Shetty et al, 2001) Mouse Busulfan, spermatogonial transplant GnRH-agonist {GnRH-agonist} (Ogawa et al, 1998; Dobrinski et al, 2001) *Instances in which it has been shown that type A spermatogonia are present in the atrophic tubules but do not undergo differentiation. Hormone treatment was given both before and after the toxicant treatment. The hormone in brackets {hormone} indicates the treatment was tried but was unsuccessful.

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