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Table 2. Effect of blocking sperm PDE 1 by vinpocetine on in vitro fertilization rates (n = 3 to 5)

		Fertilization Rate
Sperm Treatment	Presence of Heparin (15 µg/mL)	Number of Oocytes (Penetrated/Total)	Percentage

Negative control	-	21/159	15.3 ${dagger}$
Positive control	+	99/137	72.5^*
Vinpocetine (150 µM)	-	12/103	9.8 ${dagger}$
Vinpocetine (150 µM)	+	36/53	68.9^*

^*SD from negative control (P < .05).
${dagger}$ SD from positive control (P < .05).