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Summary of the cellular distribution of different RARs in human prostate tissues^*

	RAR- ${alpha}$	RAR-ß	RAR- ${gamma}$

Normal tissues	Homogeneous in cytoplasm with little nuclear staining	Present only in basal nuclei	Homogeneous in epithelial cytoplasm with litter nuclear staining. Strong positive in basal nuclei in some glands
BPH	Homogeneous in epithelium with some nuclear staining	Strong positive in basal nuclei and epithelial nuclei and cytoplasm	Strong positive in basal nuclei and epithelial cytoplasm and nuclei
PIN	Strong positive in epithelial nuclei with little cytoplasmic staining	Present only in basal nuclei	Strong positive in basal nuclei
Low- and immediate grade Pca	Strong positive in epithelial nuclei and/or cytoplasm	Absent	Increased in some glands with strong positive in the cytoplasm and nucleus in some cells
High-grade Pca	Strong positive in both cytoplasm and nuclei	Absent	Strong positive in the nuclei

^*BPH indicates benign prostatic hyperplasia; Pca, prostate cancer; PIN, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia; and RAR, retinoic acid receptor.