Table 9. List of studies of human males using clomiphene citrate therapy
  Condition (No. of Subjects)   Outcome of Treatment
  Placebo Control  
  Parameter(s) Improved   Pregnancy, %   Reference

  Normogonadotropic infertility (14)   Sperm count   7   Yes   Ronnberg, 1980a
  Oligozoospermia (93)   Sperm count   16   No   Abel et al, 1982
  Oligozoospermia (29)   Sperm count   14   Yes   Wang et al, 1983
  Oligozoospermia (11)   None   9   Yes   Sokol et al, 1988
  Asthenozoospermia (70)   None   10   Yes   European Metrodin HP, 1989
  Normal volunteers (79)   None   0   No   Jungck et al, 1964
  Oligozoospermia (69)   Sperm count   5   No   Palti, 1970
  Oligozoospermia (114)   None   19   Yes   Foss et al, 1973
  Oligozoospermia (101)   Sperm count   19   No   Schellen and Beek, 1974
  Oligozoospermia (32)   Sperm count   13   No   Paulson et al, 1977
  Oligozoospermia (54)   None   4   No   Charny, 1979
  Oligozoospermia (92)   None   17   No   Newton et al, 1980
  Oligozoospermia (53)   Sperm count   14   No   Ross et al, 1980
  Oligoteratozoospermia (76)   Sperm count   10   No   Ronnberg, 1980b
  Oligozoospermia (101)   Semen volume, sperm count, and sperm motility   13   Yes   Micic and Dotlic, 1985
  Normogonadotropic oligoteratoasthenozoospermia (89)   Sperm count and density   24   No   Homonnai et al, 1988
  Oligozoospermia (89)   None   24   No   Breznik and Borko, 1993
  Oligozoospermia (16)   Sperm count and motility   —   No   Epstein, 1977
  Oligozoospermia (NA)   Sperm motility, morphology, and density   —   No   Hayashi et al, 1988

  Abbreviation: European Metrodin HP, European Metrodin HP Study Group; NA, not available.